卷。 Videos

腦幹海綿狀畸形

Last Updated: January 10, 2022

顯微外科糞便海綿狀畸形

腦幹海綿狀畸形(CMs) account for approximately 20% of all central nervous system CMs, with the majority occurring in the pons. These lesions are more likely to become symptomatic because of their location and proximity to the nearby eloquent structures.

腦幹和相關神經血管結構的複雜重要解剖結構在顯微外科除去腦幹CMS期間對風險的重要功能。在考慮是否運營時,此問題需要複雜的決策過程。病變的自然曆史和風險與手術的好處,在避免未來出血的風險和可能緩解現有赤字之前必須在提供手術治療之前進行平衡。

廣告

Atlas選擇Tapered Pattie Collection

低調,用於最大可視化和保護

專為缺亂手術設計的錐形形狀

無與倫比的靈活性和不粘功能

LEARN MORE AND SHOP ONLINE

臨床表現

Because of the location of these CMs, 80% to 100% of patients with brainstem CMs present symptomatically, most commonly due to hemorrhage. Compared with supratentorial CMs, microhemorrhages in brainstem CMs are more likely to cause irritation of and mass effect on the brainstem neural structures.

Patients may have previously experienced temporary focal deficits related to small microhemorrhages. The largest percentage of brainstem CMs are found in the pons, followed by the mesencephalon, and then the medulla oblongata. Cranial nerve deficits are therefore the most common presenting symptoms. Other symptoms include ataxia and dysmetria, diplopia, sensory and motor deficits, dysarthria, dysphagia, and altered level of consciousness. Patients may also suffer from nonspecific symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.

顯微外科的適應症

這natural history of CMs unfortunately is not very clear. The literature contains equivocal data regarding the frequency of hemorrhage and the risk of future rehemorrhage. Reported hemorrhage rates vary between 1.2% to 6.5% per person/year, whereas rehemorrhage rates vary between 2.7% and 60% per person/year.

最近的一項研究表明,每位患者/年齡為4.6%之前的出血率,每位患者/年的恢複率為35%。公布率的這種廣泛方差可歸因於研究設計(前瞻性VS回顧性)的差異,出血定義的差異(臨床對射線照相),以及關於病變病因的病因(先天性與DE Novo)的不一致假設。

Although the exact rehemorrhage rate is not definitive, an increased risk of hemorrhage after an initial hemorrhage is certain. Two studies have reviewed the timing of rehemorrhage for brainstem CMs. Wang and colleagues found that 46% of patients developed rehemorrhages within 6 months. Barker and colleagues reported that the risk of rehemorrhage was 2% per month for the first 2 years after the initial hemorrhage.因此,如果CM顯微鏡可接近,應考慮患有症狀腦幹CMS的患者,以降低恢複風險。對於相對無法進入的病變,患者的赤字應該證明手術的風險。

正如預期的那樣,T以下是關於在相對較深的腦幹和無症狀病變上運作的決定的一些爭論。大多數神經外科醫生向無症狀患者或患者提供相對不可接受的CMS的患者提供谘詢。如果表1中所示的四個標準中的任何一個是滿足表1中所示的四個標準,則考慮切除切除。

表1:切除腦幹厘米的標準
這lesion abuts the pial or ependymal surface or is exophytic.

病變產生了多種出血,導致逐步的神經係統赤字

Acute hemorrhage extends outside the lesion capsule (overt extracapsular hemorrhage)

顯著的質量效應與大量的腔內出血有關。

術前規劃和選擇方法

磁共振(MR)成像是所有CMS選擇的成像模式;討論了診斷的細微差異Evaluation of Cavernous Malformation章節。

圖1:顯示了具有近似肌囊腫出血的後鼠腔CM(頂排)。患者呈現急性血清缺血和顱神經缺陷,隨後接受顯微外科(底行)。有關切除的詳細信息,請參閱以下插圖。

圖1:顯示了具有近似肌囊腫出血的後鼠腔CM(頂排)。患者呈現急性血清缺血和顱神經缺陷,隨後接受顯微外科(底行)。有關切除的詳細信息,請參閱以下插圖。

手術的目標是完全厘米切除,圍繞周圍重要組織的嚴重或沒有破壞。無論選擇外科手術方法,外科醫生都必須通過各種後窩和顱基顱骨肉瘤將安全進入區域密切地理解腦幹。

Figure 2: For surgical planning, a T1-wighted sequence is most suitable to establish the shortest transneural operative trajectory using the “two-point” method. The first point is in the center of the lesion, and the second point is at the margin of the lesion nearest a pial or ependymal surface. The line connecting these two points directed along the long axis of the lesion is extrapolated to approximate the best intradural trajectory to approach to the lesion.

Figure 2: For surgical planning, a T1-wighted sequence is most suitable to establish the shortest transneural operative trajectory using the “two-point” method. The first point is in the center of the lesion, and the second point is at the margin of the lesion nearest a pial or ependymal surface. The line connecting these two points directed along the long axis of the lesion is extrapolated to approximate the best intradural trajectory to approach to the lesion.

使用“兩點”的方法,一個通用的指南approaching brainstem lesions is shown in Table 2. The approach should be tailored to each patient’s individual anatomy. The shortest transneural distance may not be ideal if eloquent structures are transgressed; a longer operative trajectory through less eloquent structures is warranted.

如果預期CM通過第四個心室地層可清楚地進入,而不違反任何神經組織,則互聯器方法是合理的選擇。然而,存在任何完整的神經組織,無論多麼瘦,覆蓋CM的背麵方麵都會消除電網途徑的安全性。在這些情況下,我通過逆壓曲麵術和通過顱神經v和vii / viii之間的中間小腦花序術來達到病變。中間小腦花梗的有限遷移是非常良好的耐受性。

圖3:存在帶有薄板完整地板(左箭頭)的後柱厘米。盡管沿著心室的地板顯而易見的操作軌跡,所以選擇通過中部小腦花序梗(右箭頭)的橫向軌跡。地板上的薄板薄板是高效力的並且含有麵部小集。注意用於檢測神經組織的T1序列的優越性與由血液素引起的盛開的偽像影響的T2序列。

圖3:存在帶有薄板完整地板(左箭頭)的後柱厘米。盡管沿著心室的地板顯而易見的操作軌跡,所以選擇通過中部小腦花序梗(右箭頭)的橫向軌跡。地板上的薄板薄板是高效力的並且含有麵部小集。注意用於檢測神經組織的T1序列的優越性與由血液素引起的盛開的偽像影響的T2序列。

表2:基於病變位置的手術方法
方法 病變位置
orbitozygomatic. Ventral midbrain, high ventral pons
retrosigmoid. ventrololatallal Pons.
遠側 腹部髓質
亞古科 Dorsal pons, dorsal medulla
Supracerebellar Infratential. 背部中腦

Figure 4: The corresponding craniotomies for reaching different brainstem lesions are demonstrated. Telovelar/suboccipital, retrosigmoid, supracerebellar and orbitozygomatic approaches are favored for most lesions.

Figure 4: The corresponding craniotomies for reaching different brainstem lesions are demonstrated. Telovelar/suboccipital, retrosigmoid, supracerebellar and orbitozygomatic approaches are favored for most lesions.

圖5:已經說明了用於切除CMS的腦幹中的安全進入區域。CNS V和VII-VIII之間的橫向豬切口是有效和安全的區域,以達到不明確通過第四心室地層清楚地進入的糞便病變。

圖5:已經說明了用於切除CMS的腦幹中的安全進入區域。CNS V和VII-VIII之間的橫向豬切口是有效和安全的區域,以達到不明確通過第四心室地層清楚地進入的糞便病變。

顯微外科腦幹畸形畸形

我使用術中的圖像引導和神經生理學監測,包括軀體感應誘發的電位(SSEP)和腦幹聽覺誘發的反應(轟炸機),對於大多數患者在腦幹中進行CMS切除的大多數患者。在選擇下降電機途徑處於風險的患者中監測電動機誘發電位。第四心室地層的刺激映射可能是指導突出的切口和進入後豬病變的必要條件。

腰椎穿刺或排水有利於緩解後窩張力;這是在繪製切口之前進行的。在接近腦幹上的目標位置後,淺表厘米將被視為呈紫色血醋素的薄血雜環緣的紫色黑色病變。如果病變是深,應使用圖像指導精確識別安全的進入點。

接下來,我在腦幹表麵進行短線性小珠或突出的切口(平行於下降腦幹纖維),並使用細鈍性關節和鑷子的擴散作用以向病變擴展顱內結軌。使用動態縮回,並在腦幹上禁止固定收縮。軌跡的程度小於病變的大小。一旦找到CM,我通過以下步驟進行切除:

  1. 我首先吸出相關的血腫,以提供工作空間,以通過最有限的小珠或介晶切口調動滋雞並將膠囊纏繞。
  2. 接下來,我使用雙極電陶器和顯微鏡來解剖,凝結和分開明顯導致膠囊的細飼料。
  3. 使用精細分析器的溫和鈍性解剖允許在保持膠囊的完整性的同時動員膠囊。血氨酸邊距是高度奏效的,沒有積極處理。
  4. 根據可用的曝光軌跡和病變的尺寸,可以將厘米或優選地零碎(使用垂體rongeurs)除去CM。大多數深腦幹CMS通過腦幹表麵的小切口需要零碎的去除。
  5. 完全止血可能需要牆壁的溫和凝固。使用小塊凝血酶浸濕棉的局局可以避免凝血損傷。
  6. Careful inspection of the resection cavity is mandatory. Portions of the CM may appear similar in color to that of the gliotic margins. Fine forceps may be used to draw on suspicious material.發展靜脈異常(DVAs)完好無損。
  7. Gliotic borders are left intact as much as possible to avoid neurologic consequences.

這些重要步驟在下麵進一步說明。

Figure 6: After exposure of the CM, the suction device or pituitary rongeurs are used to evacuate the hematoma from within and around the CM (A). Next, the small feeding vessels are isolated, coagulated, and cut (B). The capsule of the decompressed lesion is mobilized away from the gliotic margins (C). The DVA is carefully protected and mobilized away from the lesion (D).

Figure 6: After exposure of the CM, the suction device or pituitary rongeurs are used to evacuate the hematoma from within and around the CM (A). Next, the small feeding vessels are isolated, coagulated, and cut (B). The capsule of the decompressed lesion is mobilized away from the gliotic margins (C). The DVA is carefully protected and mobilized away from the lesion (D).

圖7:這個後訪問橋的CM via the telovelar approach and mapping of the facial colliculus on the floor of the ventricle (upper row of photos). Evacuation of the hematoma provided additional space; the feeding arteries were coagulated and cut (middle row). The capsule was then bluntly dissected away from the gliotic wall (yellow arrows) of the resection cavity while the DVA (blue arrow) was preserved at the end of resection (lower row).

圖7:這個後訪問橋的CM via the telovelar approach and mapping of the facial colliculus on the floor of the ventricle (upper row of photos). Evacuation of the hematoma provided additional space; the feeding arteries were coagulated and cut (middle row). The capsule was then bluntly dissected away from the gliotic wall (yellow arrows) of the resection cavity while the DVA (blue arrow) was preserved at the end of resection (lower row).

以下步驟描述了經由的切除後脊髓厘米電動街做法

Figure 8: The trajectory of operative dissection for the telovelar approach is depicted. Note that the foramen magnum is unroofed and the tonsils, vermis, and medial aspects of the hemispheres are exposed. The location of the fourth ventricular structures in relation to the overlying cerebellum are shown in the inset sketch.

Figure 8: The trajectory of operative dissection for the telovelar approach is depicted. Note that the foramen magnum is unroofed and the tonsils, vermis, and medial aspects of the hemispheres are exposed. The location of the fourth ventricular structures in relation to the overlying cerebellum are shown in the inset sketch.

圖9:如果厘米在表麵上顯而易見,可以開始損傷。但是,如果表麵上沒有出現在表麵上,則需要繪製麵部小集的映射以避免其損傷。除非病變具有使這些結構移位的突發性組分,否則避免了缺差和迷走的三角形。

圖9:如果厘米在表麵上顯而易見,可以開始損傷。但是,如果表麵上沒有出現在表麵上,則需要繪製麵部小集的映射以避免其損傷。除非病變具有使這些結構移位的突發性組分,否則避免了缺差和迷走的三角形。

圖10:雙極鉗的動態運動防止切除腔的壁作為碎片移除突破。可能需要在扁桃體上進行溫和的固定縮回,以允許腦幹內的虛擬分析。

圖10:雙極鉗的動態運動防止切除腔的壁作為碎片移除突破。可能需要在扁桃體上進行溫和的固定縮回,以允許腦幹內的虛擬分析。

Figure 11: This posterior medullary CM was exposed by means of a suboccipital craniotomy, and the terminal feeding vessels to the CM were identified early (upper row of images). The hematoma within the CM was decompressed, exposing additional terminal feeders arising from the contralateral PICA (middle row, arrows). The CMs can be compartmentalized (left lower image), and therefore a thorough and judicial inspection of the resection cavity is essential for their gross total resection. The DVAs are evident on the walls of the cavity (right lower image).

Figure 11: This posterior medullary CM was exposed by means of a suboccipital craniotomy, and the terminal feeding vessels to the CM were identified early (upper row of images). The hematoma within the CM was decompressed, exposing additional terminal feeders arising from the contralateral PICA (middle row, arrows). The CMs can be compartmentalized (left lower image), and therefore a thorough and judicial inspection of the resection cavity is essential for their gross total resection. The DVAs are evident on the walls of the cavity (right lower image).

髓狀畸形畸形

後豬海綿體畸形

圖12:這種包圍的海綿狀畸形基本上位於腦幹的中心內。在病變的後邊緣有一個扁平的第四節室底的薄邊緣,這絕排不能使用後線方法(紅色箭頭)。我使用了左側返回術路線(綠色箭頭),在CN的V和VII / VIII之間創建一個小巧切口,進入病變的上部部分。另外,群眾達到了Pontomedullary結的水平,並且還進入了該第二操作走廊(藍箭頭)以除去畸形的較差極。

圖12:這種包圍的海綿狀畸形基本上位於腦幹的中心內。在病變的後邊緣有一個扁平的第四節室底的薄邊緣,這絕排不能使用後線方法(紅色箭頭)。我使用了左側返回術路線(綠色箭頭),在CN的V和VII / VIII之間創建一個小巧切口,進入病變的上部部分。另外,群眾達到了Pontomedullary結的水平,並且還進入了該第二操作走廊(藍箭頭)以除去畸形的較差極。

術後考慮因素

患者應轉移到神經重症監護病房,並且在手術後可能需要在腦幹內的切除病變的位置並靠近顱神經和核的鄰近時預熱到手術後至少24小時。腦幹水腫可能導致在術後期間的呼吸失敗。由於顱神經和周圍的神經束牽引,許多赤字是暫時的。

大多數患者瞬間瞬間惡化,但大多數恢複到它們的基線或表現出改善的神經係統功能。患有較低顱神經功能障礙的潛在風險的患者應在拔管之前進行耳鼻喉科評估,或者它們的口腔喂食恢複。

DOI:https://doi.org/10.18791/nsatlas.v3.ch04.4

References

abla aa,卡拉尼我,spetzler rf。腦幹凸起畸形的手術,IN:Spetzler RF,Kalani My,Nakaji P,(EDS)。神經血管外科。第二版。紐約:Thieme醫學出版商,2015,436-447。

Abla AA, Lekovic GP, Turner JD, de Oliveira JG, Porter R, Spetzler RF. Advances in the treatment and outcome of brainstem cavernous malformation surgery: A single-center case series of 300 surgically treated patients.Neurosurgery。2011; 68: 403-415.

Bertalanffy H, Benes L, Miyazawa T, et al. Cerebral cavernomas in the adult. Review of the literature and analysis of 72 surgically treated patients.neurosurg Rev.。2002;25:1-53。

棕色AP,湯普森BG,Spetzler RF。兩點法:評估腦幹病變。BNI Q.。1996年;12:20-24。

Fritschi JA, Reulen HJ, Spetzler RF, Zabramski JM. Cavernous malformations of the brain stem. A review of 139 cases.Acta Neurochir(維也納)。1994年;130:35-46。

Klopfenstein JD,Feiz-Erfan I,Spetzler RF。腦幹海綿狀畸形,IN:Lanzino G,Spetzler RF(EDS):Cavernous Malformations of the Brain and Spinal Cord。紐約:Thieme Medical Publishers,2008,78-87。

Mathiesen T, Edner G, Kihlstrom L. Deep and brainstem cavernomas: A consecutive 8-year series.J Neurosurg.。2003; 99:31-37.

Pandey P,Westbroek Em,Gooderham Pa,Steinberg GK。腦幹,丘腦和基底神經節的海綿狀畸形:一係列176名患者。Neurosurgery。2013;72:573-589。

porter pj,detwiler pw,spetzler rf等。腦幹的海綿狀畸形:100名患者的經驗。J Neurosurg.。19.9.9.; 90:50-58.

Steinberg GK,Chang SD,Gewirtz RJ,Lopez JR。顯微外科切除腦幹,丘腦和基底神經節血管造影神經血管畸形。Neurosurgery。2000;46:260-270。

Please登錄to post a comment.

最佳
你可以改變:現在捐款。 神經外科188bet手机app圖集depends almost entirely on your donations: donate now.
Baidu
map